Korean-Australians:
Present and Impending Contributions to Australia’s Future -
An Outsider’s Perspective
James E. Coughlan
Senior Lecturer
Department of Anthropology, Archaeology and Sociology
School of Arts and Social Sciences
Faculty of Arts, Education and Social Sciences
James Cook University
Paper presented at the 50 Years of Koreans in Australia - Past, Present and Future Symposium, 14 - 15 October, 2008, United Theological College, North Parramatta, Sydney, Australia.
© James Eric Coughlan, 2008.
Abstract
The Korean communities in Australia are small, but expanding, communities which are making an increasing contribution to the development and cultural evolution of Australia. However, these achievements are not widely known within the broader Australian community.
This paper provides an outsider’s brief perspective on the contemporary and potential impending contributions of the Korean-Australian communities to Australia’s future. The paper highlights the need for Korean-Australians to be more pro-active in advancing the public profile and successes of their communities.
Keywords: Korean-Australians, history, contributions, future.
Introduction
The Korean communities in Australia are small, but expanding, communities which are making an increasing contribution to the development and cultural evolution of Australia. This paper provides an outsider’s brief perspective on the contemporary and potential impending contributions of these communities to Australia’s future.
The histories of Korean migration and settlement in Australia are not of concern to this paper. Members of the Korean-Australian communities are presently involved in researching and writing such histories, and some early contributions have been published (Kim 1988; Han 2000, 2001; Compilation Committee of History of Koreans in Australia 2008; Yang 2008a, 2008b), with hopefully more to appear shortly. The nature of modern migration from South Korean to Australia has also been described (Coughlan 1995, 1997; Compilation Committee of History of Koreans in Australia 2008), as have the basic cultural-demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the Korea-born communities in Australia (Kim 1988; Coughlan 1991, 1992, 1995, 1997, 1999; Han 1994a, 1994b, 1999, 2001, 2004). These published works have provided a general understanding of the Korean-Australian communities, but clearly more comprehensive research is required. Although this paper is not offering such a contribution, hopefully some of the issues raised below will act as a catalyst for future research endeavours.
The author is an outsider to the Korean-Australian communities. Indeed, the author, although an academic with extensive research experience in several Asian-Australian communities, has had little involvement with the Korean-Australian communities, with most of this involvement being limited to his undergraduate students days in Canberra and his postgraduate student days in Brisbane. In addition, although the author has travelled extensively through North-East and South-East Asia, he has only once briefly visited South Korea, and whereas he has studied or learnt, to a small degree, four Asian languages, he has no knowledge of the Korean language. All of this means that the author has limited knowledge and understanding of the Korean-Australian communities, and thus the views presented here are those of an outsider with limited knowledge of Korean-Australians.
Background
Amongst the fastest growing communities in Australia at this time are the Korean-Australian communities. Although Korean immigrants have been settling in Australia for about a century, public perceptions about Korean-Australians are generally based on ignorance and misinformation: an ignorance derived from an absence of the study of South and North Korea, as well as Asian-Australians, in our school history and social science curricula, and misinformation emanating from the days of the ‘White Australia’ Policy, as well as the perpetuation of myths and negative sensationalism about Asian-Australians by our media. To counter this ignorance and misinformation, it is important for Asian-Australian scholars, amongst others, to conduct more research into Asian-Australian communities, and disseminate their research findings as broadly as possibly to the general public. This need is especially important for the Korean-Australian communities, due to the recentness of their presence in Australia and the unique characteristics and contributions of these communities (Coughlan 1991). Here the author must acknowledge, firstly, the recent outstanding work by the Compilation Committee of History of Koreans in Australia, and, secondly, the ongoing efforts of Dr Gil-Soo Han of Monash University, to research and publish works on the Korean-Australian communities. However, much more research needs to be done, and much more material needs to be available in English for consumption by the general Australian, and international, community. Possibly large successful Korean businesses in Australia could fund and/or publish some of this research, which would be of immense benefit to the Korean-Australian communities.
According to the 1986 Australian Census of Population and Housing, 10,264 individuals, or just under 0.1 per cent of Australia’s population, indicated that they were of full- or part-Korean ancestry; by the time of the 2006 Census these figures had increased to 60,873 individuals, or just over 0.3 per cent of Australia’s population. As of mid-2008, this number has increased to an estimated 65,000 persons, and includes people of Korean ancestry born overseas, as well as a growing number born in Australia, the second and later generations.
As members of the Korean-Australian communities know, but most Australians do not know, is incorrect to think of Korean-Australians as a culturally or ethnically homogeneous group. According to recent Australian census data, Korean-Australians have been born in many countries of the world, such as Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, and the People’s Republic of China, for example; in addition, Korean-Australians come from a rich diversity of cultural, ethnic and linguistic groups from within Korea itself. In other words, just as South Korea has a diversity of cultural, ethnic and linguistic groups, this diversity is also reflected in the Korean-Australian communities. Although it is difficult to quantify this diversity, due to the lack of appropriate data, it would be valuable for Korean-Australian researchers to acknowledge, and attempt to quantify, this diversity. For example, Coughlan’s (1994) research into the Vietnamese-Australian communities was able to provide an understanding of the cultural, ethnic, linguistic and regional diversity of origin of Melbourne’s Vietnamese-Australian communities. Similar research needs to be conducted for the Korean-Australian communities.
Contemporary Contributions of Korean-Australians
The contributions of Asian-Australians to the cultural evolution and economic development of Australia have unfortunately been largely absent from the history and social studies textbooks in Australian schools. However, there are exceptions here. For example, many Australian school students learn that more than a century ago Chinese workers were employed in various service sectors in a number of Australian cities, doing work that other workers considered below them, as well as being active on Australian gold fields. At the same time, our school students are taught that concurrently Japanese pearlers were exploiting the pearl fields of northern Australia, while Filipino businessmen were actively engaged in trade between Australia and Asia. Thus, Australian students learn that during the nineteenth century Asian-Australians were making a substantial economic contribution to the development of Australia. School students are also informed that it is an historical misinterpretation to assume that all Chinese in nineteenth century Australia were gold miners exploiting Australian resources, aiming to return to China once they became rich. In the cities of Melbourne and Sydney, for example, there were a number of wealthy Chinese business immigrants actively engaged in trade between Australia and Asia, with the result of not only increasing their own wealth, but also enhancing the economic development of Australia.
In more recent times, social studies textbooks in schools have informed students about the cultural and ethnic diversity of Australia, including recent migrations from Asia to Australia. Unfortunately, Korean-Australians are rarely mentioned in these textbooks, as the focus is frequently on recent Chinese, Filipino or Vietnamese communities. It is probable that the absence of Korean-Australians from school textbooks is due to two reasons; firstly, the Korean-Australian communities are relatively small. According to the 2006 Australian Census of Population and Housing, the Korea-born communities were the 17th largest overseas birthplace group in Australia (52,761 people), and while the Korean language was the 13th largest language group in Australia (54,625 speakers), Korean was the 29th largest ancestry group in Australia (60,873 people). The second reason for the omission of Korean-Australians from our school textbooks is that there has been very little written in English about the Korean communities is Australia, and unfortunately most of the studies which are available are either dated or not readily accessible to school teachers. If we wish the Korean-Australian histories and stories to be considered in Australian school classrooms, more materials, in English, which are readily accessible by teachers, need to be produced, and made available in electronic or printed format.
The current contributions of Korean-Australians to Australia’s economic advancement are diverse. We know from Australian population census data that Korean-Australians are employed in a diversity of industrial and occupational areas, from highly paid businesspeople, medical practitioners, university instructors, etc., to labourers, market gardners, salespeople, shopkeepers, etc. (Coughlan 1992, 1997, 1999). The census data indicate that Korean-Australians are actively involved in all levels of the Australian work force, contributing not only their physical labour power, but also their intellectual abilities.
However, analysis of the 1996 Census data (Coughlan 1999), the last Census for which the author has comprehensive detailed data for the Korean communities, revealed that the labour force participation rate of 44.8 per cent was low for communities with the demographic profile of the Korea-born communities. At the same time, the labour force participation rate of Korea-born women was substantially lower than that of men, primarily due to their greater involvement in unpaid domestic work. However, the main reason for the relatively low rate of labour force participation in these communities was the very high proportion of the Korea-born communities attending educational institutions, including recently-arrived immigrants from Korea attending English language classes. The 1996 Census also revealed an unemployment rate of 12.7 per cent for the Korea-born communities, which was well above the national figure of 9.1 per cent at the time. However, this unemployment rate for the Korea-born communities may be regarded as being low considering the short period of time that most members of these communities had been in Australia at the time of the 1996 Census. Although the unemployment rate was higher than the national rate in Australia at the time of the 1996 Census, detailed analysis revealed that most unemployed Korean-Australians were recently-arrived immigrants in Australia, a phenomenon which is present in most other immigrant communities. In other words, the unemployment rate by period of residence in Australia data showed that the unemployment rate of recently-arrived Korea-born immigrants was lower than the rate for many other recently-arrived immigrant groups, and thus their total unemployment rate of 12.7 per cent was not be a matter for concern at the time. It is advisable that Korean-Australian researchers and scholars gain access to the more recent and comprehensive 2006 Australian Census of Population and Housing data, in order to create and publish a demographic, economic and socio-economic profile of the Korean-Australian communities; Coughlan’s (2008) recent research on the spatial distribution and concentration of Korean-Australians in a first step in this important exercise, but much more research needs to be conducted and published (in English).
Although many Korean-Australians are high achievers, they are not always in the public eye at the state or national level, except possibly to views of SBS television, although such high achievers are well known in the Korean-Australian communities. Possibly we could call such individuals ‘quiet achievers’, as their achievements are not well known outside of the Korean-Australian communities, or even their professions. Certainly, there is a role here for the Korean community associations in Australia to be more active in making the broader Australian community aware of high achieving Korean-Australians.
Most Korean-Australians are making a genuine commitment to the future of Australia, or are they? An analysis of 1996 Census data revealed that of the members of the Korea-born communities who were eligible to acquire Australian citizenship, only 63.1 per cent of those eligible to do so had acquired Australian citizenship (Coughlan 1999). This low rate, compared to most other immigrant, especially Asian, communities in Australia, may be an indication of the Korea-born communities’ lack of attachment to Australia, but further research is needed to verify this proposition. In other words, we need to understand why it is that, relatively speaking, so few Korean-Australians are acquiring Australian citizenship. Is it a lack of commitment to Australia? Is it a desire to return to Korea to live? Are there economic or political reasons for maintaining Korean, and rejecting Australia, citizenship? We do not know the answers to these questions.
Korean-Australian business immigrants not only bring their expertise and wealth with them when they settle in Australia, but also their valuable overseas business contacts, new ideas and pioneering spirits. Those of you who have watched the Ethnic Small Business Awards on SBS television over the past few decades may have noted the publicly known business achievements of several Korean-Australian businesspeople being highlighted, and would have gained some idea of the ways in which recently arrived Korean-Australian businesspeople are not only creating new jobs in Australia, but are also exporting products to overseas markets, thus improving Australia’s trade balance.
However, it is not only in the academic, business, economic and scientific fields that Korean-Australians are making significant contributions to Australia. The increased diversity and magnitude of emigration from Korea to Australia over the past three decades has also enhanced the cultural diversity of Australia. For example, three decades ago all Australian cities and most large towns had at least one Asian restaurant, which was generally a Chinese restaurant. Today, most large Australian towns have Chinese, Indian and Thai restaurants, while the cities have restaurants which offer cuisine from over a dozen Asian countries, including an increasing number of Korean restaurants. In many cases, the main clientele of these Korean restaurants are mainstream Australians, rather than solely Korean-Australians. Although this is just one example, it is a visible illustration of how Korean-Australians are contributing to Australia’s cultural diversity, but there are many other ways in which Korean-Australians may, on a daily basis, make a visible contribution to Australia’s diverse cultural lifestyle.
Three decades ago, a few Asian languages were taught in a small minority of Australian schools, and these languages were generally limited to Indonesian, Japanese and Mandarin Chinese. Currently over a dozen Asian languages, including Cambodian, Korean, Thai and Vietnamese, are taught in Australian schools. While the Cambodian and Vietnamese languages have been added primarily due to the increasing size of the Cambodian and Vietnamese communities in Australia, Korean and Thai have appeared due to Australia’s closer cultural and economic links with South Korea and Thailand, as well as the expanding Korean and Thai communities in Australia. Here again is an opportunity for Korean community associations and successful Korean businesses to assist in gaining the introduction of Korean language courses in more Australian schools and universities, and to seek financial support for the maintenance of such programmes in our educational institutions.
Asian-Australians have also made worthwhile contributions in the arts, and increasingly the literary works of the Korean-Australian author Don’O Kim are becoming known, as well as the achievements of Min-Jung Kim, curator of Sydney’s Power House Museum. Undoubtedly, the magnitude of the contributions of Korean-Australians to the creative and performing arts, as well as in other fields, will increase in the coming decades as the Korean-Australian communities become more established in Australia. Would not it be wonderful to see a young Korean-Australian finalist on Australian Idol? Which leads on to the final issue for consideration.
Future Contributions of Korean-Australians
Naturally it is difficult to predict what will be the future contributions of Korean-Australians to the cultural evolution and economic development of Australia. However, few would argue that it is desirable for all Australians to contribute to Australia’s future, and therefore it is necessary that a number of proposals be considered so as to enhance the contributions of Korean-Australians to our common future. Most of these proposals are not directed specifically at the domain of Korean-Australians, but are proposals which may also be applicable at a more general level to all Australia’s ethnic minorities.
The first proposal relates to the issue of racism. Attitudes emanating from the ‘White Australia’ Policy, and racism in general, still exist in our society and within our institutions, including our bureaucracies and educational institutions. While it is virtually impossible to effectively legislate against racism, it is possible to educate people so as to minimise the extent of racism and ethnic prejudice. Although general public education may have some effect, the main thrust of education against racism and ethnic discrimination should occur in our schools. For example, while Asian studies and languages are gradually being introduced into our primary and secondary schools, it is equally important, for social cohesion, that school curricula also address the diversity and history of the Asian-Australian communities, as well as noting their contributions to the advancement and development of Australia. Here it is important to recall the point raised earlier that there is very little in the current Australian school curricula concerning Korea and Korean-Australians.
Many Australians, including some bureaucrats and politicians, are unaware that Asian-Australians, including Korean-Australians, are not a homogeneous group. The Korean-Australian communities consist not only of immigrants, but also of second and later generations who have been born in Australia. As noted earlier in this paper, Korean-Australians come from a diversity of cultural, ethnic and linguistic groups, and a diversity of countries. In addition, Korean-Australians have a wide diversity of needs: the needs of a semi-skilled Korea-born immigrant who worked as a labourer in South Korea and had very limited knowledge of spoken English prior to their emigration to Australia, are different to the needs of the Korea-born immigrant who studied business administration or medicine at a university in an English-speaking country and who subsequently migrated to Australia as a wealthy businessperson or medical practitioner. Introducing Asian-Australian studies into our school curricula, as well as at universities, as part of an ethnic, community or cultural studies programme, will assist in educating the general community as to the distinctive characteristics of the various Asian-Australian communities, and of the unique characteristics of communities such as the Korean-Australian communities.
The second proposal relates to the fruitful participation of skilled and professional Korean-Australians in our society. Approximately 35 per cent of Korea-born immigrants aged 15 or more years old have university degrees, compared to only about 15 per cent of the total Australian population, and a significant proportion of the Korea-born immigrants with university degrees obtained their degrees from reputable overseas universities or from Australian universities (Coughlan 1999). Due to the protectionism of some Australian professional bodies, such as the Australian Medical Association, and excessive bureaucratic ‘red tape’, it is frequently very difficult, and financially very costly, for many overseas qualified Korean-Australians to obtain recognition of their overseas-obtained qualifications. A high proportion of these people become underemployed in the Australian work force; that is, their skills are not efficiently utilised. Procedures and processes need to be implemented by the Rudd Federal Government to nationally standardise and streamline the recognition of overseas educational qualifications. The current state of affairs is a contradiction in national purpose as many of the Korean, and other Asian, immigrants who came to Australia with tertiary degrees came under skilled migration programmes, but once they arrive in Australia they cannot efficiently use their skills to contributed to the economic advancement of Australia. In some areas, such as in the accounting, legal and medical fields, tertiary educational courses should be initiated to permit the rapid and thorough upgrading of overseas-qualified professionals, rather than forcing them to spend several years going back to university to relearn what they already know.
At the same time, some of the expertise of Korean-Australians are un-utilised or under-utilised due to their lack of sufficient proficiency in the English language. Since the late 1980s the Hawke, Keating and Howard Governments have substantially reduced federal funding of English language courses to immigrants. One group which has been particularly affected by this declining funding are some of the recently-arrived Korean-Australian immigrants. If an immigrant in Australia cannot speak English adequately then he or she cannot participate fully in Australian society, which in turn leads to a number of potential economic and social problems, not only for the immigrant, but for Australia as a whole. The new Federal Rudd Government should ensure that adequate funds be made available for the provision of English language classes to all immigrants who require them. The short-term financial cost of such an exercise will result in substantial medium- and long-term economic gain for all Australians through increased economic productivity.
The third proposal applies to Korean-Australian business immigrants and entrepreneurs. Australia’s three tiers of government have produced a maze of laws and regulations that most Australians, that alone immigrant entrepreneurs, find difficult to comprehend and navigate. Although some state governments have established offices to assist business migrants, these offices do not always provide an adequate service, and often the location of these offices are not adequately advertised to immigrant communities, such as through the large number of ethnic media groups in Australia. Many business migrants have a wealth of expertise and international contacts which, if encouraged and correctly utilised, could greatly enhance Australia’s economic performance.
All immigrants should be provided with accurate comprehensive information about Australia prior to their departure to Australia, and given any necessary assistance upon arrival to permit them to effectively contribute to Australia’s future. At the same time, the Federal Government, under its access and equity programmes, should seek to provide adequate information to all immigrants to assist their effective integration into Australian society. Also under these programme, the Australian government should take steps to foster and promote the potential contributions of all Asian-Australians to the advancement of Australia, and certainly highlight the contributions of Korean-Australians, of which we, in the general Australian community, know little.
To some degree, as of mid 2008, Australia is facing some difficult economic times as high bank interest rates and escalating petrol prices are impacting on all Australians, and as the economy of the United States of America advances closer to an economic recession, the outlook for Australian is that more hard times are ahead in the near future. Although the Australian economy is relatively strong, predominantly due to the primary resources boom as a result of increased demand for primary sector produce in Asia, some commentators have remarked that Australians have lost the pioneering spirit of their forefathers, and foremothers, and drifted into a general state of apathy. Part of the blame for this must surely rest with a number of our politicians and bureaucrats who seem more concerned with guaranteeing their own futures via creating massive bureaucracies and seemingly endless amounts of incomprehensible regulations (the taxation legislation being an excellent example), than exhibiting a genuine concern for the future of Australia. In the 1800s and early 1900s, pioneering people from around the world came to Australia, exploited our natural resources, and built Australia into a then substantial economic power. It was only the ‘White Australia’ Policy of the first federal parliament which cast a shadow over Australia’s international image for almost three quarters of a century. However, over the past 30-40 years, Australia’s status in the global economy has declined, as our innovative spirit waned. It is time to rekindle this spirit, and many Korean-Australians are in a position to help in this process.
Too many Australians have forgotten that after the end of the Second World War, Australia was in a somewhat precarious economic position, but through the massive immigration programme of the late 1940s and 1950s, Australia once again moved ahead. This time most of the pioneers were not from the British Isles or the People’s Republic of China, but from mainland Europe. It was the Dutch, Greeks, Italians and Poles, for example, who built the Australia of the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s and 1990s it was the pioneering spirit and determination of our recently arrived Asian-Australians who lead Australia into the twenty-first century. What was the role of Korean-Australians in advancing Australia into the twenty-first century, and what will their role be in moving Australian through this century?
Conclusion
It would be foolhardy to speculate on the position of the Korean-Australian communities in the coming decades. However, if the past few decades are any indication, then we may venture that Korean-Australians are in a position to make a significant and worthwhile contribution as Australia advances through this century. But, who will write about these contributions in the future? Unless the recent and near-future contributions of Korean-Australians are documented, are recorded, are written about, are published, then will future generations of all Australians, but especially Korean-Australians, know of the important contributions of the Koreans who migrated to, and settled in, Australia in the last decades of the twentieth century? This is one of the important tasks facing the leaders of today’s Korean-Australian communities. The Compilation Committee of History of Koreans in Australia have commenced this exercise, who will continue their work?
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4 September 2008 version
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